JACKSON AVW (1938) Brand new character out-of Mani, the new creator of Manichaeism
Although expose it is like he was missing, and although live it’s as if the guy were dead
Log of your own American China Society 58: 235-40. Supposed representations of Mani or Manes, c. 216-276 Ce, was talked about, which have attention of lifestyle noted from the al-Nadim (writing c. 987 Le) you to definitely Mani is actually lame both in base or perhaps in their best feet. That heritage could well be supported by retranslation off a phrase when you look at the the newest Pahlavi Denkart (3.two hundred, 1-13) (discover Dinkard, above), using the label ‘broken’ otherwise ‘crippled’ in order to Mani (select below, al-Nadim, Fihrist, pp. 773, 794).
Al-JAHIZ (Abu Othman Amr bin Bahr). Al-Barsan wal-Argan wal-Umyan wal-Hawlan [The Lepers, brand new Lame, the brand new Blind, therefore the Squinting], ed. Abdel-Salam Haroun (1998). Cairo. Al-Jahiz (776-868) is actually a respected, important and you can significantly unattractive author which have ‘goggle eyes’ (jahiz), from the Basra (now inside the Iraq), whose performs could have been far quoted across the Arab world. Right here, considering Michael Dols, he talked about “bodily infirmities such as body problems, lameness, paralysis, and you may deafness and personal attributes eg baldness, leanness, and ugliness.” His point were to demonstrate that “real infirmities and you will peculiarities do not hamper an individual regarding being a totally active member of the latest Muslim neighborhood otherwise bar your out of important offices. Al-Jahiz handled one real circumstances aren’t public stigmas however they are exactly what may be called signs of divine true blessing or choose.” (M Dols, 1983, The fresh new leper from inside the Medieval Islamic people. Speculum 58: 891-916, towards p. 901) Even with his own contact with bad social reactions, al-Jahiz in just one of their better-identified work, ‘The Wonders off Creation’, wrote harshly on the social aspects of deafness. Apart from the deaf man or woman’s death of tunes, “People are bored stiff inside the business and he was a weight in it. He is not able to listen to all man’s tales and you may conversations. ” (cited from the F. Haj, Impairment in Antiquity, q.v., p. 159). Yet another commentator cards one “Al-Barsan wal-Argan. ” is the most difficult works by Jahiz, as well as question is almost book within the historic Arabic literature. (There will not appear to be an enthusiastic English interpretation offered by present).
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JAIN, Jagdish C (1947) Life inside Ancient Asia since Represented regarding Jain Canons. Bombay: The Publication Company. Infection and you will therapy, including certain handicaps, regarding Jaina supply (pp. 178-81). People with handicaps, along with rational retardation, is actually excluded regarding joining spiritual commands (194). Select Tattvartha Sutra, below; plus 2nd a few situations).
[JAINA Messages] Gaina Sutras interpreted away from Prakrit, transl. Hermann Jacobi, 2 vols, (1884 and you may 1895), SBE 22 & 45, Oxford: Clarendon. [Brand new SBE series used an italicised ‘G’ unlike ‘J’, certainly grounds. Right here ‘Gaina’ has been reinserted on normal alphabetical order to own convenience.] – The brand new Akaranga Sutra (in vol. I), out of possibly the 5th century Le, provided classes getting an effective holy and you may simple lifestyle. Handicap and you will impairment are available, e.g. “on damage of your perceptions of one’s ear canal, eyes, areas regarding smelling, tasting, coming in contact with, men will get aware of the fresh decline from life” (vol. I: p. 15) [Bk I (2) 1]. Fresh fruit regarding wrong serves inside earlier lifestyle is: “Comes and you will leprosy, application, shedding problems, loss of sight and firmness, lameness and you can humpbackedness, Dropsy and you will dumbness, browse! apoplexy (?) and you can attention-condition, shaking and crippledness, elephantiasis and diabetic issues, These represent the sixteen sickness specified from inside the owed order; besides all of them of many illnesses and wounds exists.” (I: 54) [Bk I (6) 1.] Yet correct-minded anyone is always to take care to play with inoffensive words when conference you aren’t such as requirements. They “ought not to Japanski supruga speak of those such as this: ‘He has comes or leprosy, etcetera [including the new terms revealed above]; their hands is actually clipped, or his base, nostrils, ear canal, lip try cut.’ Having given that all the such people, verbal in order to this kind of code, getting mad, hence, provided well, they have to not talk to them this kind of code.” (I: 152-53) [Bk II, (4) dos.] – The newest Uttaradhyayana Sutra (for the Vol. II) in addition to notes handicap that have age, “If for example the looks increases old, plus tresses converts light, the efficacy of the ears reduces”, likewise into eyes, nose, language, touch (II: p. 44) [part X]. – Brand new Sutrakritanga Sutra (within the Vol. II) says into the passageway the fresh new “blind-born people” (p. 243), and you will “dudes whom walk on crutches” (p. 269). Monks hankering just after wedding is actually cautioned of your awful disablement out-of one disease: becoming ordered about from beginning right up until midnight from the spouse, and the remainder of the evening soothing newborns and laundry its nappies (pp. 275-78). Monks who take part in erotic pleasures is actually guaranteed still worse pains after they pass away; right after which it “will be born deaf-and-dumb, otherwise blind [footnote: often blind from the delivery, or surely foolish or unaware], otherwise dumb of the delivery.” (p. 363; comparable towards pp. 367, 430) [Bk 2 (2); and you will dos (7)].
